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Electrical Engineer Project

During the last century and a half, electricity has evolved from a scientific curiosity, to a luxury for wealthy people and to a daily necessity in the developed and developing world. Just as water is necessary for survival, electricity is indispensable in daily life. Without electricity, our way of life comes to a grinding halt. Modern society requires smart, simple, safe, reliable, and economical electric power infrastructure for social, political, and economic activities. The infrastructure should be efficient, flexible to expand, economical to maintain, and operate.

There are four main components of obtaining professional engineering licensure:

Education

Fundamentals of Engineering

Work Experience

Principles and Practice of Engineering 

Electrical engineering has many sub-disciplines, the most popular of which are high Voltage engineering (Power Companies), power engineering (Facilities), and power electronics. Although there are electrical engineers who focus exclusively on one of these sub-disciplines, many deals with a combination of them. Sometimes certain fields, such as electronic engineering and computer engineering, are considered separate disciplines in their own right.

Power engineering deals with the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity as well as the design of a range of related devices. These include transformers, electric generators, and electric motors. Power engineers may work on the design and maintenance of the power grid as well as the power systems that connect to it. Such systems are called on-grid power systems and may supply the grid with additional power, draw power from the grid, or do both. Power engineers may also work on systems that do not connect to the grid, called off-grid power systems, which in some cases are preferable to on-grid systems. The future includes Satellite controlled power systems, with feedback in real-time to prevent power surges and prevent blackouts.

Electrical Engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the technology of electricity, especially the specification and design of electrical systems and equipment for power generation and distribution, control, and communications. An electrical engineer who has a certifiable bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from a recognized School or University and satisfies the requirements for Engineer In Training (EIT) and Professional Engineer (PE) examinations and experience can apply for the state PE license. Once state registered, an Engineer by law has a primary duty to protect the public safety, health, and welfare in the facility electrical systems design by following and applying the latest building codes.

The Engineer of Record for the Electrical Systems Design is a state Registered Professional Engineer who develops the electrical system design criteria, performs the analysis and is responsible for the design, specification, preparation, and delivery of the electrical documents for the construction of projects. Projects may include private /public works, institutional, commercial facilities such as banks, office buildings, schools and colleges, hospitals, medical clinics, retail stores, parking ramps, airports, manufacturing facilities, food distribution centers, warehouses, data centers, department stores, jails, libraries, theaters, and courthouses, etc.

An Electrical System is any system and assembly of electrical components, materials, utilities, equipment, work system, machines, products, or devices which require electrical energy in order to perform their intended function.

Electrical Engineering Documents: The electrical drawings, specifications, reports, and other documents setting forth the overall design and requirements for the construction, alteration, modernization, repair, demolition, arrangement, and/or use of the electrical system, or analysis or recommendations, as prepared by the Engineer of Record for the Electrical System.

Electrical Component: An individual electrical device to be part of an electrical system.

Electrical: Any device or mechanism that operates due to the action of electricity.

Electrical Submittals: Submittals, catalog information on standard products, or drawings prepared solely to serve as a guide for fabrication and installation and requiring no engineering input.

Codes and Standards: Those nationally recognized Codes and Standards adopted directly or by reference.

To specify and design facility electrical systems including power systems, lighting, communications, alarm systems, lightning protection, grounding system and controls, an electrical engineer needs to coordinate his effort with the fellow designers: Architect, Civil Engineer, Structural Engineer, HVAC/Plumbing Engineer, Fire Protection Engineer, Voice/Data low voltage technology, Building Security, Vertical Transportation, Electric Utility, Telephone Company, and Internet Access, etc.

Power Systems Design

Power systems distribute electrical energy. Major factors to be included in the design and analysis of these systems are proper voltage levels, balances and quality, system capacity, reliability and redundancy, steady-state and transient loads, short circuit protection (design and analysis), load flow, voltage drop, harmonics, and protective device coordination. The power systems design shall meet the local building codes, the National Electrical Code (NEC), National Electrical Safety Code (NESC), and other applicable codes and standards.

Electrical engineering documents applicable to power systems shall at a minimum indicate the following:

Electrical legend

System one-line diagram or Riser Diagram

Conductor capacities (sizes) and insulation type

Protection devices and interrupting capability

Utility Service 

Transformer

Main and distribution panel board locations and sizes

The circuitry of all outlets and devices

Short circuit analysis

Load computations

Grounding and bonding

Low Voltage control diagrams

Schedules and details

Lighting Systems Design

Lighting systems convert electrical energy into light. Items to be included in the lighting design and analysis are average illuminance, equivalent spherical illuminance, uniformity ratios, visual comfort probability, special-purpose lighting, and the requirements of the local, state, and federal and ASHRAE 90.1 Energy Efficiency Standards, and Building Codes.

Electrical engineering documents for lighting systems shall, at a minimum, indicate the following:

Lighting fixture performance specifications and arrangements

Emergency Lighting

Exit Lighting

Lighting Control and circuiting

Communications Systems Design

Communications systems are utilized to convey messages or data. Items to be included in the design or analysis of these systems are Human factors engineering, cabling requirements, installation requirements, performance requirements, backup power requirements, the interrelationship of the various systems, and applicable regulatory requirements.

Electrical engineering documents for communications systems shall, at a minimum, indicate the following:

System riser diagram

Equipment legend

Conductor type and installation requirements

Device type and locations

Backup power sources where applicable

Alarm Systems Design

Alarm systems are used to monitor and alarm fire or other emergency condition. Items to be included in the design or analysis of these systems are structure alarm requirements, location and audibility, types of alarms and initiation devices, notification requirements, installation requirements, and backup power requirements.

Design documents for alarm systems shall, at a minimum, indicate the following:

System riser diagram

Device types and locations

Type of conductors and installation requirements including rating identification and listing requirements

Notification requirements

Backup power requirements

Lightning Protection Systems Design

Lightning Protection Systems are passive systems used to protect buildings and structures from damage caused by lightning and static discharges. Items to be considered in the design or analysis of this system include the requirements of NFPA 780.

Electrical engineering documents for lightning protection systems shall indicate:

Air terminals height and spacing

Arrangement of Main and Down conductors

Grounding points and spacing

Legend

Testing requirements of grounds

Grounding Systems Design

Grounding Systems are passive systems used to establish an electrical potential reference point in an electrical system for the proper dissipation of energy in case of abnormal or transient conditions.

Design documents for grounding systems shall indicate at a minimum the following:

type and location of grounding electrodes

bonding requirements

testing requirements

conductor material type, size, and protection requirements

separate grounding systems, properly bonded, per code and use requirements

Instrumentation And Control Systems Design

Instrumentation and control systems are used to automate processes. Items to be included in the design and analysis of these systems are reliability of control of critical processes, the safety of personnel, and suitability of instruments and control devices in the environment in which they are installed.

Electrical engineering documents for instrumentation and control systems shall indicate, at a minimum, the following:

A description of the control system functions, or a functional diagram

Specifications of control instruments and their location

Type of conductors and cables, and requirements for their installation

EMERGING ISSUES

Quality Assurance and Control of Construction Documents

Standardization, integration, and promulgation of smart grid technology, smart power distribution system, smart metering, smart peak load demand controls, smart building management systems, etc.

Building commissioning or Integrated systems testing for building electrical, HVAC, all motor equipment, and control systems.

Energy Conservation

Renewable Energy

Energy Efficiency

Emerging 3-D modeling platforms

Coordination of design documents with: Architects, Interior Designer, Lighting Design, Structural Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Low Voltage Technology


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